Skip to content

Paralex specifications (default package)

This is a human-readable rendition of a JSON file defining a frictionless package. It was generated automatically.

  • name: paralex
  • licenses:

  • keywords: lexicon, inflection, linguistics, morphology, paradigms

  • profile data-package

  • contributors
  • [1]
    • title Sacha Beniamine
    • role maintainer
  • [2]
    • title Cormac Anderson
    • role contributor
  • [3]
    • title Jules Bouton
    • role contributor
  • [4]
    • title Mae Carroll
    • role contributor
  • [5]
    • title Borja Herce
    • role contributor
  • [6]
    • title Matías Guzmán Naranjo
    • role contributor
  • [7]
    • title Matteo Pellegrini
    • role contributor
  • [8]
    • title Erich Round
    • role contributor
  • [9]
    • title Helen Sims-Williams
    • role contributor
  • version 2.1.0
  • languages_iso639 []
  • related_identifiers
  • [1]
    • identifier
    • relation

This package describes the following files:

forms

Inflected forms - This file is located in forms.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['form_id']

  • Formal relations (foreignKeys) with other tables:

    • Each value in column ['cell'] of forms must refer to ['cell_id'] in table cells
    • Each value in column ['lexeme'] of forms must refer to ['lexeme_id'] in table lexemes

Columns defined by forms-schema:

  • form_id (string): Form table row identifiers. These identifiers are specific to form, lexeme, cell triples.

    • constraints: a form_id is obligatory; it must be unique.

  • lexeme (string): Reference to a lexeme identifier. Lexeme identifiers must be unique to paradigms.

  • cell (string): Reference to a cell identifier. The set of feature values as would appear in a gloss, separated by dots, eg. prs.ind.1sg or f.pl

  • phon_form (string): Inflected form (phonemic or phonetic). The form, given in phonemic or phonetic notation, with sounds separated by spaces

  • orth_form (string): Inflected form (orthographic). The form, given orthographically

  • analysed_phon_form (string): Inflected form with analysis, such as segmentation markers (phonemic or phonetic). The form, given in phonemic or phonetic notation, with sounds separated by spaces, and analysis markers.

  • analysed_orth_form (string): Inflected form with analysis, such as segmentation markers (orthographic). The form, given orthographically, with markers for analysis.

  • frequency (number): Frequency. Frequency for this row.

  • analysis_tag (string): Tags for marking separate analyses. Identifies sets of forms which are related by the same analysis. Eg: forms from two distinct sources, or a more phonetic and a more phonological transcription.

  • defectiveness_tag (string): Tags for defectiveness status. Identifies sets of defective forms (eg. pluralia tantum).

  • epistemic_tag (string): Tags for epistemic status. Identifies sets of forms with the same epistemic status.

  • variants_tag (string): Tags for form variants. Identifies sets of forms used by specific groups of speakers. Eg. dialectal variants.

  • overabundance_tag (string): Tags for overabundant forms. Identifies sets of overabundant forms. For example, overabundant forms across lexemes might belong to a series of regular and irregular forms, or a series of short and long forms, etc.

  • comment (string): Comment. Human-readable comment.

  • source (string): Source. Reference to a specific source (bibtex key). If used, the dataset should comprise a .bib file where the keys are referenced.

  • POS (string): Part of Speech. The relevant part of speech for this item. This must refer to a PartOfSpeech entity from the lexinfo (https://lexinfo.net/) ontology.

    • constraints: a POS must be one of the values: verb, numeral, conjunction, noun, adposition, determiner, article, adverb, pronoun, fusedPreposition, adjective, symbol, particle, conditionalParticle, demonstrativePronoun, interjection, semiColon, diminutiveNoun, possessivePronoun, prepositionalAdverb, compoundPreposition, interrogativeRelativePronoun, possessiveParticle, plainVerb, letter, interrogativeDeterminer, relativePronoun, postposition, fusedPronounAuxiliary, interrogativeOrdinalNumeral, indefiniteOrdinalNumeral, strongPersonalPronoun, possessiveRelativePronoun, ordinalAdjective, collectivePronoun, commonNoun, infinitiveParticle, comparativeParticle, partitiveArticle, invertedComma, lightVerb, emphaticPronoun, distinctiveParticle, genericNumeral, possessiveAdjective, reflexivePossessivePronoun, colon, coordinationParticle, presentParticipleAdjective, fusedPrepositionPronoun, cardinalNumeral, indefiniteDeterminer, numeralFraction, questionMark, generalAdverb, superlativeParticle, point, indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral, comma, closeParenthesis, futureParticle, personalPronoun, reflexivePersonalPronoun, adverbialPronoun, reciprocalPronoun, openParenthesis, pastParticipleAdjective, negativePronoun, relativeDeterminer, existentialPronoun, pronominalAdverb, relativeParticle, exclamativeDeterminer, multiplicativeNumeral, reflexiveDeterminer, modal, unclassifiedParticle, properNoun, allusivePronoun, interrogativeCardinalNumeral, bullet, subordinatingConjunction, irreflexivePersonalPronoun, possessiveDeterminer, negativeParticle, indefinitePronoun, generalizationWord, coordinatingConjunction, deficientVerb, adjective-i, impersonalPronoun, indefiniteCardinalNumeral, adjective-na, qualifierAdjective, affirmativeParticle, mainVerb, fusedPrepositionDeterminer, indefiniteArticle, weakPersonalPronoun, suspensionPoints, interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral, affixedPersonalPronoun, auxiliary, circumposition, copula, demonstrativeDeterminer, participleAdjective, exclamativePoint, interrogativePronoun, presentativePronoun, punctuation, definiteArticle, slash, exclamativePronoun, preposition, conditionalPronoun, relationNoun, interrogativeParticle.

    • rdfProperty: https://www.paralex-standard.org/paralex_ontology.xml#POS

frequencies

Frequencies - This file is located in frequencies.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['freq_id']

  • Formal relations (foreignKeys) with other tables:

    • Each value in column ['cell'] of frequencies must refer to ['cell_id'] in table cells
    • Each value in column ['form'] of frequencies must refer to ['form_id'] in table forms
    • Each value in column ['lexeme'] of frequencies must refer to ['lexeme_id'] in table lexemes

Columns defined by frequencies-schema:

sounds

Sound inventory with distinctive features - This file is located in sounds.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['sound_id']
  • missingValues: ``

Columns defined by sounds-schema:

graphemes

Graphemes inventory - This file is located in graphemes.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['grapheme_id']
  • missingValues: ``

Columns defined by graphemes-schema:

cells

Paradigm cells - This file is located in cells.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['cell_id']

Columns defined by cells-schema:

  • cell_id (string): Cell identifier. The set of feature values as would appear in a gloss, separated by dots, eg. prs.ind.1sg or f.pl

    • constraints: a cell_id is obligatory; it must be unique.

  • label (string): label for this row. A human readable label for the row.

  • unimorph (string): Cell in unimorph format. The cell, written following the unimorph schema

  • ud (string): Cell in the universal dependency format. The cell, written following the universal dependency format

  • comment (string): Comment. Human-readable comment.

  • POS (string): Part of Speech. The relevant part of speech for this item. This must refer to a PartOfSpeech entity from the lexinfo (https://lexinfo.net/) ontology.

    • constraints: a POS must be one of the values: verb, numeral, conjunction, noun, adposition, determiner, article, adverb, pronoun, fusedPreposition, adjective, symbol, particle, conditionalParticle, demonstrativePronoun, interjection, semiColon, diminutiveNoun, possessivePronoun, prepositionalAdverb, compoundPreposition, interrogativeRelativePronoun, possessiveParticle, plainVerb, letter, interrogativeDeterminer, relativePronoun, postposition, fusedPronounAuxiliary, interrogativeOrdinalNumeral, indefiniteOrdinalNumeral, strongPersonalPronoun, possessiveRelativePronoun, ordinalAdjective, collectivePronoun, commonNoun, infinitiveParticle, comparativeParticle, partitiveArticle, invertedComma, lightVerb, emphaticPronoun, distinctiveParticle, genericNumeral, possessiveAdjective, reflexivePossessivePronoun, colon, coordinationParticle, presentParticipleAdjective, fusedPrepositionPronoun, cardinalNumeral, indefiniteDeterminer, numeralFraction, questionMark, generalAdverb, superlativeParticle, point, indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral, comma, closeParenthesis, futureParticle, personalPronoun, reflexivePersonalPronoun, adverbialPronoun, reciprocalPronoun, openParenthesis, pastParticipleAdjective, negativePronoun, relativeDeterminer, existentialPronoun, pronominalAdverb, relativeParticle, exclamativeDeterminer, multiplicativeNumeral, reflexiveDeterminer, modal, unclassifiedParticle, properNoun, allusivePronoun, interrogativeCardinalNumeral, bullet, subordinatingConjunction, irreflexivePersonalPronoun, possessiveDeterminer, negativeParticle, indefinitePronoun, generalizationWord, coordinatingConjunction, deficientVerb, adjective-i, impersonalPronoun, indefiniteCardinalNumeral, adjective-na, qualifierAdjective, affirmativeParticle, mainVerb, fusedPrepositionDeterminer, indefiniteArticle, weakPersonalPronoun, suspensionPoints, interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral, affixedPersonalPronoun, auxiliary, circumposition, copula, demonstrativeDeterminer, participleAdjective, exclamativePoint, interrogativePronoun, presentativePronoun, punctuation, definiteArticle, slash, exclamativePronoun, preposition, conditionalPronoun, relationNoun, interrogativeParticle.

    • rdfProperty: https://www.paralex-standard.org/paralex_ontology.xml#POS

  • frequency (number): Frequency. Frequency for this row.

  • canonical_order (integer): Sorting order for visual presentation. The order in which items are canonically presented. Use integers to represent relative order, order is used per-item.

features-values

Grammatical features values - This file is located in features-values.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['value_id']

Columns defined by features-values-schema:

  • value_id (string): Grammatical Feature value identifier. Identifier for the grammatical feature value (as found in the cell)

    • constraints: a value_id is obligatory; it must be unique.

  • label (string): label for this row. A human readable label for the row.

  • feature (string): feature. The name of the dimension of this feature, eg. case, tense, modality, voice, force, gender, evidentiality, person, number, polarity...

  • comment (string): Comment. Human-readable comment.

  • POS (string): Part of Speech. The relevant part of speech for this item. This must refer to a PartOfSpeech entity from the lexinfo (https://lexinfo.net/) ontology.

    • constraints: a POS must be one of the values: verb, numeral, conjunction, noun, adposition, determiner, article, adverb, pronoun, fusedPreposition, adjective, symbol, particle, conditionalParticle, demonstrativePronoun, interjection, semiColon, diminutiveNoun, possessivePronoun, prepositionalAdverb, compoundPreposition, interrogativeRelativePronoun, possessiveParticle, plainVerb, letter, interrogativeDeterminer, relativePronoun, postposition, fusedPronounAuxiliary, interrogativeOrdinalNumeral, indefiniteOrdinalNumeral, strongPersonalPronoun, possessiveRelativePronoun, ordinalAdjective, collectivePronoun, commonNoun, infinitiveParticle, comparativeParticle, partitiveArticle, invertedComma, lightVerb, emphaticPronoun, distinctiveParticle, genericNumeral, possessiveAdjective, reflexivePossessivePronoun, colon, coordinationParticle, presentParticipleAdjective, fusedPrepositionPronoun, cardinalNumeral, indefiniteDeterminer, numeralFraction, questionMark, generalAdverb, superlativeParticle, point, indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral, comma, closeParenthesis, futureParticle, personalPronoun, reflexivePersonalPronoun, adverbialPronoun, reciprocalPronoun, openParenthesis, pastParticipleAdjective, negativePronoun, relativeDeterminer, existentialPronoun, pronominalAdverb, relativeParticle, exclamativeDeterminer, multiplicativeNumeral, reflexiveDeterminer, modal, unclassifiedParticle, properNoun, allusivePronoun, interrogativeCardinalNumeral, bullet, subordinatingConjunction, irreflexivePersonalPronoun, possessiveDeterminer, negativeParticle, indefinitePronoun, generalizationWord, coordinatingConjunction, deficientVerb, adjective-i, impersonalPronoun, indefiniteCardinalNumeral, adjective-na, qualifierAdjective, affirmativeParticle, mainVerb, fusedPrepositionDeterminer, indefiniteArticle, weakPersonalPronoun, suspensionPoints, interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral, affixedPersonalPronoun, auxiliary, circumposition, copula, demonstrativeDeterminer, participleAdjective, exclamativePoint, interrogativePronoun, presentativePronoun, punctuation, definiteArticle, slash, exclamativePronoun, preposition, conditionalPronoun, relationNoun, interrogativeParticle.

    • rdfProperty: https://www.paralex-standard.org/paralex_ontology.xml#POS

  • unimorph (string): Cell in unimorph format. The cell, written following the unimorph schema

  • ud (string): Cell in the universal dependency format. The cell, written following the universal dependency format

  • canonical_order (integer): Sorting order for visual presentation. The order in which items are canonically presented. Use integers to represent relative order, order is used per-item.

lexemes

Lexemes - This file is located in lexemes.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['lexeme_id']

Columns defined by lexemes-schema:

  • lexeme_id (string): Identifier for the lexeme. Lexeme identifiers. Often, they are identical to the label (lemma). However, they must be unique to paradigms, distinguishing homonyms with different inflection. For example, the animal mouse/mice and the computer peripheric mouse/mouses would both have the label 'mouse' but could be identified by the lexeme identifiers mouse_1 and mouse_2.

    • constraints: a lexeme_id is obligatory; it must be unique.

  • inflection_class (string): Inflection class identifier. This identifier groups together lexemes of the same inflection class.

  • source (string): Source. Reference to a specific source (bibtex key). If used, the dataset should comprise a .bib file where the keys are referenced.

  • frequency (number): Frequency. Frequency for this row.

  • label (string): label for this row. A human readable label for the row.

  • meaning (string): Definition for this lexeme. This is a description of the lexeme's overall meaning.

  • gloss (string): Short meaning, used for glossing.. Gloss for this lexeme.

  • comment (string): Comment. Human-readable comment.

  • POS (string): Part of Speech. The relevant part of speech for this item. This must refer to a PartOfSpeech entity from the lexinfo (https://lexinfo.net/) ontology.

    • constraints: a POS must be one of the values: verb, numeral, conjunction, noun, adposition, determiner, article, adverb, pronoun, fusedPreposition, adjective, symbol, particle, conditionalParticle, demonstrativePronoun, interjection, semiColon, diminutiveNoun, possessivePronoun, prepositionalAdverb, compoundPreposition, interrogativeRelativePronoun, possessiveParticle, plainVerb, letter, interrogativeDeterminer, relativePronoun, postposition, fusedPronounAuxiliary, interrogativeOrdinalNumeral, indefiniteOrdinalNumeral, strongPersonalPronoun, possessiveRelativePronoun, ordinalAdjective, collectivePronoun, commonNoun, infinitiveParticle, comparativeParticle, partitiveArticle, invertedComma, lightVerb, emphaticPronoun, distinctiveParticle, genericNumeral, possessiveAdjective, reflexivePossessivePronoun, colon, coordinationParticle, presentParticipleAdjective, fusedPrepositionPronoun, cardinalNumeral, indefiniteDeterminer, numeralFraction, questionMark, generalAdverb, superlativeParticle, point, indefiniteMultiplicativeNumeral, comma, closeParenthesis, futureParticle, personalPronoun, reflexivePersonalPronoun, adverbialPronoun, reciprocalPronoun, openParenthesis, pastParticipleAdjective, negativePronoun, relativeDeterminer, existentialPronoun, pronominalAdverb, relativeParticle, exclamativeDeterminer, multiplicativeNumeral, reflexiveDeterminer, modal, unclassifiedParticle, properNoun, allusivePronoun, interrogativeCardinalNumeral, bullet, subordinatingConjunction, irreflexivePersonalPronoun, possessiveDeterminer, negativeParticle, indefinitePronoun, generalizationWord, coordinatingConjunction, deficientVerb, adjective-i, impersonalPronoun, indefiniteCardinalNumeral, adjective-na, qualifierAdjective, affirmativeParticle, mainVerb, fusedPrepositionDeterminer, indefiniteArticle, weakPersonalPronoun, suspensionPoints, interrogativeMultiplicativeNumeral, affixedPersonalPronoun, auxiliary, circumposition, copula, demonstrativeDeterminer, participleAdjective, exclamativePoint, interrogativePronoun, presentativePronoun, punctuation, definiteArticle, slash, exclamativePronoun, preposition, conditionalPronoun, relationNoun, interrogativeParticle.

    • rdfProperty: https://www.paralex-standard.org/paralex_ontology.xml#POS

  • language_ID (string): Identifier for the language. Language identifiers should use some standard ID (iso code, glottocode, etc)

  • analysis_tag (string): Tags for marking separate analyses. Identifies sets of forms which are related by the same analysis. Eg: forms from two distinct sources, or a more phonetic and a more phonological transcription.

  • defectiveness_tag (string): Tags for defectiveness status. Identifies sets of defective forms (eg. pluralia tantum).

  • epistemic_tag (string): Tags for epistemic status. Identifies sets of forms with the same epistemic status.

  • variants_tag (string): Tags for form variants. Identifies sets of forms used by specific groups of speakers. Eg. dialectal variants.

  • overabundance_tag (string): Tags for overabundant forms. Identifies sets of overabundant forms. For example, overabundant forms across lexemes might belong to a series of regular and irregular forms, or a series of short and long forms, etc.

tags

Tags mark rows which have commonalities - This file is located in tags.csv.

  • The identifier column (or primaryKey) is ['tag_id']

Columns defined by tags-schema:

  • tag_id (string): Tag id. The label for a set of forms which have something in common.

    • constraints: a tag_id is obligatory; it must be unique.

  • tag_column_name (string): Name of the tag column in the forms table. The name of the column this tag is used in the forms table

    • constraints: a tag_column_name is obligatory; it must match the regular expression [^ ]+_tag.

  • comment (string): Comment. Human-readable comment.

sources

Sources| Bibliographical references.

  • This file is located in sources.bib.

readme

Read me| Basic documentation

  • This file is located in readme.md.

data_sheet

Data Sheet| Data Sheet

  • This file is located in data_sheet.md.